Personality Disorders
Overview of Personality Disorders
What are Personality Disorders?
According to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual-IV, a personality disorder is an "enduring pattern of inner experience and behavior that deviates markedly from the expectation of the individual's culture, is pervasive and inflexible, has an onset in adolescence or early adulthood, is stable over time, and leads to distress or impairment."
Because these disorders are chronic and pervasive, they can lead to serious impairments in daily life and functioning.
According to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual-IV, a personality disorder is an "enduring pattern of inner experience and behavior that deviates markedly from the expectation of the individual's culture, is pervasive and inflexible, has an onset in adolescence or early adulthood, is stable over time, and leads to distress or impairment."
Because these disorders are chronic and pervasive, they can lead to serious impairments in daily life and functioning.
What Causes Personality Disorders?
The causes of personality disorders are the subject of considerable debate and controversy. Some experts believe that personality disorders are caused by early experiences that prevented the development of normal thought and behavior patterns. Other researchers believe that biological or genetic influences are the root cause of personality disorders.
The causes of personality disorders are the subject of considerable debate and controversy. Some experts believe that personality disorders are caused by early experiences that prevented the development of normal thought and behavior patterns. Other researchers believe that biological or genetic influences are the root cause of personality disorders.
While a definitive cause has not been established, it is likely that a
combination of genetic predisposition and environmental variables
contribute to the development of personality disorders.
combination of genetic predisposition and environmental variables
contribute to the development of personality disorders.
How are Personality Disorders Diagnosed?
In order to be diagnosed with a personality disorder, an individual must exhibit symptoms that meet the diagnostic criteria established in the DSM-IV.
The DSM-IV lists a total of ten different personality disorders.
These disorders are classified into three separate clusters:
Cluster A - Odd or Eccentric Disorders
1) Paranoid Personality Disorder:
The essential feature for this type of personality disorder is interpreting the actions of others as deliberately threatening or demeaning. People with paranoid personality disorder are untrusting, unforgiving, and prone to angry or aggressive outbursts without justification because they perceive others as unfaithful, disloyal, condescending or deceitful. This type of person may also be jealous, guarded, secretive, and scheming, and may appear to be emotionally “cold” or excessively serious.
- These patterns of behavior must be chronic and pervasive, affecting many different aspects of the individual’s life, including social functioning, work, school and close relationships.
- The individual must exhibit symptoms that affect two or more of the following areas: thoughts, emotions, interpersonal functioning and impulse control.
- The pattern of behaviors must be stable across time and have an onset that can be traced back to adolescence or early adulthood.
- These behaviors cannot be explained by any other mental disorders, substance abuse or medical conditions.
The DSM-IV lists a total of ten different personality disorders.
These disorders are classified into three separate clusters:
Cluster A - Odd or Eccentric Disorders
1) Paranoid Personality Disorder:
The essential feature for this type of personality disorder is interpreting the actions of others as deliberately threatening or demeaning. People with paranoid personality disorder are untrusting, unforgiving, and prone to angry or aggressive outbursts without justification because they perceive others as unfaithful, disloyal, condescending or deceitful. This type of person may also be jealous, guarded, secretive, and scheming, and may appear to be emotionally “cold” or excessively serious.
People with Paranoid Personality Disorder:
2) Schizoid Personality Disorder:
Schizoid personalities are introverted, withdrawn, solitary, emotionally cold, and distant. They are often absorbed with their own thoughts and feelings and are fearful of closeness and intimacy with others. For example, a person suffering from schizoid personality is more of a daydreamer than a practical action taker.
- Doubt the commitment, loyalty, or trustworthiness of others, believing others are using or deceiving them
- Are reluctant to confide in others or reveal personal information due to a fear that the information will be used against them
- Are unforgiving and hold grudges
- Are hypersensitive and take criticism poorly
- Read hidden meanings in the innocent remarks or casual looks of others
- Perceive attacks on their character that are not apparent to others; they generally react with anger and are quick to retaliate
- Have recurrent suspicions, without reason, that their spouses or lovers are being unfaithful
- Are generally cold and distant in their relationships with others, and might become controlling and jealous
- Cannot see their role in problems or conflicts and believe they are always right
- Have difficulty relaxing
- Are hostile, stubborn, and argumentative
2) Schizoid Personality Disorder:
Schizoid personalities are introverted, withdrawn, solitary, emotionally cold, and distant. They are often absorbed with their own thoughts and feelings and are fearful of closeness and intimacy with others. For example, a person suffering from schizoid personality is more of a daydreamer than a practical action taker.
Common traits of people with this disorder include the following:
3) Schizotypal Personality Disorder:
A pattern of peculiarities best describes those with schizotypal personality disorder. People may have odd or eccentric manners of speaking or dressing. Strange, outlandish or paranoid beliefs and thoughts are common. People with schizotypal personality disorder have difficulties forming relationships and experience extreme anxiety in social situations. They may react inappropriately or not react at all during a conversation or they may talk to themselves. They also display signs of “magical thinking” by saying they can see into the future or read other people’s minds.
- They do not desire or enjoy close relationships, even with family members.
- They choose solitary jobs and activities.
- They take pleasure in few activities, including sex.
- They have no close friends, except first-degree relatives.
- They have difficulty relating to others.
- They are indifferent to praise or criticism.
- They are aloof and show little emotion.
- They might daydream and/or create vivid fantasies of complex inner lives.
3) Schizotypal Personality Disorder:
A pattern of peculiarities best describes those with schizotypal personality disorder. People may have odd or eccentric manners of speaking or dressing. Strange, outlandish or paranoid beliefs and thoughts are common. People with schizotypal personality disorder have difficulties forming relationships and experience extreme anxiety in social situations. They may react inappropriately or not react at all during a conversation or they may talk to themselves. They also display signs of “magical thinking” by saying they can see into the future or read other people’s minds.
Traits of people with this disorder include the following:
Cluster B - Dramatic, Emotional, or Erratic Disorders
1) Antisocial Personality Disorder (ASPD):
People with antisocial personality disorder characteristically act out their conflicts and ignore normal rules of social behavior. These individuals are impulsive, irresponsible, and callous. Typically, the antisocial personality has a history of legal difficulties, belligerent and irresponsible behavior, aggressive and even violent relationships. They show no respect for other people and feel no remorse about the effects of their behavior on others. These people ware at high risk for substance abuse, especially alcoholism, since it helps them to relieve tension, irritability and boredom.
- Dressing, speaking, or acting in an odd or peculiar way
- Being suspicious and paranoid
- Being uncomfortable or anxious in social situations due to their distrust of others
- Having few friends and being extremely uncomfortable with intimacy
- Tending to misinterpret reality or to have distorted perceptions (for example, mistaking noises for voices)
- Having odd beliefs or magical thinking (for example, being overly superstitious or thinking of themselves as psychic)
- Being preoccupied with fantasy and daydreaming
- Tending to be stiff and awkward when relating to others
- Coming across as emotionally distant, aloof, or cold
Cluster B - Dramatic, Emotional, or Erratic Disorders
1) Antisocial Personality Disorder (ASPD):
People with antisocial personality disorder characteristically act out their conflicts and ignore normal rules of social behavior. These individuals are impulsive, irresponsible, and callous. Typically, the antisocial personality has a history of legal difficulties, belligerent and irresponsible behavior, aggressive and even violent relationships. They show no respect for other people and feel no remorse about the effects of their behavior on others. These people ware at high risk for substance abuse, especially alcoholism, since it helps them to relieve tension, irritability and boredom.
People with ASPD may often do the following:
2) Borderline Personality Disorder:
People with borderline personality disorder are unstable in several areas, including interpersonal relationships, behavior, mood, and self-image. Abrupt and extreme mood changes, stormy interpersonal relationships, an unstable and fluctuating self-image, unpredictable and self-destructive actions characterize the person with borderline personality disorder. These individuals generally have great difficulty with their own sense of identity. They often experience the world in extremes, viewing others as either “all good” or “all bad.” A person with borderline personality may form an intense personal attachment with someone only to quickly dissolve it over a perceived slight. Fears of abandonment may lead to an excessive dependency on others. Self-mutilation or recurrent suicidal gestures may be used to get attention or manipulate others. Impulsive actions, chronic feelings of boredom or emptiness, and bouts of intense inappropriate anger are other traits of this disorder, which is more common among females.
- Lie, con, and exploit others
- Act rashly
- Be angry, vain, and aggressive
- Fight or assault other people
- Break the law
- Not care about the safety of others or themselves
- Not show signs of remorse after hurting someone else
- Fail to meet money, work, or social duties
- Abuse drugs or alcohol
2) Borderline Personality Disorder:
People with borderline personality disorder are unstable in several areas, including interpersonal relationships, behavior, mood, and self-image. Abrupt and extreme mood changes, stormy interpersonal relationships, an unstable and fluctuating self-image, unpredictable and self-destructive actions characterize the person with borderline personality disorder. These individuals generally have great difficulty with their own sense of identity. They often experience the world in extremes, viewing others as either “all good” or “all bad.” A person with borderline personality may form an intense personal attachment with someone only to quickly dissolve it over a perceived slight. Fears of abandonment may lead to an excessive dependency on others. Self-mutilation or recurrent suicidal gestures may be used to get attention or manipulate others. Impulsive actions, chronic feelings of boredom or emptiness, and bouts of intense inappropriate anger are other traits of this disorder, which is more common among females.
The most common symptoms include:
3) Histrionic Personality Disorder:
Histrionic personality disorder is defined as a personality disorder characterized by a pattern of excessive attention-seeking emotions, usually beginning in early adulthood, including inappropriately seductive behavior and an excessive need for approval. Histrionic people are lively, dramatic, vivacious, enthusiastic, and flirtatious. HPD affects four times as many women as men. It has a prevalence of 2–3% in the general population and 10–15% in inpatient and outpatient mental health institutions.
- Intense emotions and mood swings.
- Harmful, impulsive behaviors. These may include things like substance abuse, binge eating, out-of-control spending, risky sexual behavior, and reckless driving.
- Relationship problems. You may see others as either "good" or "bad" and may shift from one view to the other suddenly, for minor reasons. This can make relationships very difficult.
- Low self-worth.
- A frantic fear of being left alone (abandoned). This fear may lead to frantic attempts to hold on to those around you. Or it may cause you to reject others before they can reject you.
- Aggressive behavior.
- Feeling empty inside.
- Problems with anger, such as violent temper tantrums.
- Hurting yourself, such as cutting or burning yourself.
- Suicide attempts and suicidal thoughts.
- Times when you feel paranoid or lose a sense of reality (psychosis).
3) Histrionic Personality Disorder:
Histrionic personality disorder is defined as a personality disorder characterized by a pattern of excessive attention-seeking emotions, usually beginning in early adulthood, including inappropriately seductive behavior and an excessive need for approval. Histrionic people are lively, dramatic, vivacious, enthusiastic, and flirtatious. HPD affects four times as many women as men. It has a prevalence of 2–3% in the general population and 10–15% in inpatient and outpatient mental health institutions.
A person with this disorder might also:
4) Narcissistic Personality Disorder:
People with narcissistic personality have an exaggerated sense of self-importance, are absorbed by fantasies of unlimited success, and seek constant attention. The narcissistic personality is oversensitive to failure and often complains of multiple somatic symptoms. Prone to extreme mood swings between self-admiration and insecurity, these people tend to exploit interpersonal relationships.
- Be uncomfortable unless he or she is the center of attention
- Dress provocatively and/or exhibit inappropriately seductive or flirtatious behavior
- Shift emotions rapidly
- Act very dramatically, as though performing before an audience, with exaggerated emotions and expressions, yet appears to lack sincerity
- Be overly concerned with physical appearance
- Constantly seek reassurance or approval
- Be gullible and easily influenced by others
- Be excessively sensitive to criticism or disapproval
- Have a low tolerance for frustration and be easily bored by routine, often beginning projects without finishing them or skipping from one event to another
- Not think before acting
- Make rash decisions
- Be self-centered and rarely show concern for others
- Have difficulty maintaining relationships, often seeming fake or shallow in their dealings with others
- Threaten or attempt suicide to get attention
4) Narcissistic Personality Disorder:
People with narcissistic personality have an exaggerated sense of self-importance, are absorbed by fantasies of unlimited success, and seek constant attention. The narcissistic personality is oversensitive to failure and often complains of multiple somatic symptoms. Prone to extreme mood swings between self-admiration and insecurity, these people tend to exploit interpersonal relationships.
Those suffering from Narcissistic Personality Disorder might also:
Cluster C – Anxious or Fearful Disorders
1) Avoidant Personality Disorder:
Avoidant personality disorder, also known as anxious personality disorder, is a Cluster C personality disorder recognized in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders handbook as afflicting persons who display a pervasive pattern of social inhibition, feelings of inadequacy and inferiority, extreme sensitivity to negative evaluation, and avoidance of social interaction despite a strong desire to be close to others. Individuals with the disorder tend to describe themselves as uneasy, anxious, lonely, unwanted and isolated from others.
- Think about himself most of the time and talk about himself a lot
- Crave attention and admiration
- Exaggerate his talents and achievements
- Believe he’s special
- Set unrealistic goals
- Have wide, fast mood swings
- Have a hard time taking others’ feelings seriously
- Strive to win, whatever it takes
- Fantasize about unlimited success, money, and power
- Someone like this may appear to have high self-esteem, but the opposite is probably true. There’s a deep sense of insecurity underneath that grand exterior.
- He wants others to be envious, but often he’s the jealous one. He’s competitive and threatened by others’ achievements.
- His relationships are often stormy and short-lived. He leaves a trail of hurt feelings in his wake.
- He’s easily hurt, but either chooses to not show it or overreacts in rage.
- He can’t stand criticism.
- He makes excuses and refuses to take responsibility for his flaws and failures.
- He sees himself as a natural leader who can easily sway others.
- He doesn’t listen and often interrupts. It’s a one-way street -- all take, no give.
Cluster C – Anxious or Fearful Disorders
1) Avoidant Personality Disorder:
Avoidant personality disorder, also known as anxious personality disorder, is a Cluster C personality disorder recognized in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders handbook as afflicting persons who display a pervasive pattern of social inhibition, feelings of inadequacy and inferiority, extreme sensitivity to negative evaluation, and avoidance of social interaction despite a strong desire to be close to others. Individuals with the disorder tend to describe themselves as uneasy, anxious, lonely, unwanted and isolated from others.
Avoidant personality disorder symptoms include a variety of behaviors, such as:
A person diagnosed with avoidant personality disorder needs to show at least four of the following criteria:
2) Dependent Personality Disorder:
People with dependent personality disorder may exhibit a pattern of dependent and submissive behavior, relying on others to make decisions for them. They require excessive reassurance and advice, and are easily hurt by criticism or disapproval. They feel uncomfortable and helpless if they are alone, and can be devastated when a close relationship ends. They have a strong fear of rejection. Typically lacking in self-confidence, the dependent personality rarely initiates projects or does things independently. This disorder usually begins by early adulthood and is diagnosed more frequently in females than males.
- Avoiding work, social, or school activities for fear of criticism or rejection. It may feel as if you are frequently unwelcome in social situations, even when that is not the case. This is because people with avoidant personality disorder have a low threshold for criticism and often imagine themselves to be inferior to others.
- Low self-esteem
- Self-isolation
- May be afraid to speak up for fear of saying the wrong thing, blushing, stammering, or otherwise getting embarrassed.
- May also spend a great deal of time anxiously studying those around you for signs of approval or rejection.
- Aware of being uncomfortable in social situations and often feels socially inept.
- Despite this self-awareness, comments by others about shyness or nervousness in social settings may feel like criticism or rejection. This is especially true if teased, even in a good-natured way, about avoidance of social situations.
- Makes it difficult to connect with other people.
- May be hesitant to seek out friendships, unless certain that the other person will like you.
- When involved in a relationship, may be afraid to share personal information or talk about feelings. This can make it difficult to maintain intimate relationships or close friendships.
A person diagnosed with avoidant personality disorder needs to show at least four of the following criteria:
- Avoids occupational activities that involve significant interpersonal contact, because of fears of criticism, disapproval, or rejection.
- Is unwilling to get involved with people unless they are certain of being liked.
- Shows restraint within intimate relationships because of the fear of being shamed or ridiculed.
- Is preoccupied with being criticized or rejected in social situations.
- Is inhibited in new interpersonal situations because of feelings of inadequacy.
- Views self as socially inept, personally unappealing, or inferior to others.
- Is unusually reluctant to take personal risks or to engage in any new activities because they may prove embarrassing.
2) Dependent Personality Disorder:
People with dependent personality disorder may exhibit a pattern of dependent and submissive behavior, relying on others to make decisions for them. They require excessive reassurance and advice, and are easily hurt by criticism or disapproval. They feel uncomfortable and helpless if they are alone, and can be devastated when a close relationship ends. They have a strong fear of rejection. Typically lacking in self-confidence, the dependent personality rarely initiates projects or does things independently. This disorder usually begins by early adulthood and is diagnosed more frequently in females than males.
People with DPD become emotionally dependent on other people and spend great effort trying to please others. People with DPD tend to display needy, passive, and clinging behavior, and have a fear of separation.
Other common characteristics of this personality disorder include:
3) Obsessive-Compulsive Personality Disorder:
Compulsive personalities are conscientious and have high levels of aspiration, but they also strive for perfection. Never satisfied with their achievements, people with compulsive personality disorder take on more and more responsibilities. They are reliable, dependable, orderly, and methodical, but their inflexibility often makes them incapable of adapting to changed circumstances. People with compulsive personality are highly cautious, weigh all aspects of a problem, and pay attention to every detail, making it difficult for them to make decisions and complete tasks. When their feelings are not under strict control, events are unpredictable, or they must rely on others, compulsive personalities often feel a sense of isolation and helplessness.
Other common characteristics of this personality disorder include:
- Inability to make decisions, even everyday decisions like what to wear, without the advice and reassurance of others
- Avoidance of adult responsibilities by acting passive and helpless; dependence on a spouse or friend to make decisions like where to work and live
- Intense fear of abandonment and a sense of devastation or helplessness when relationships end; a person with DPD often moves right into another relationship when one ends.
- Oversensitivity to criticism
- Pessimism and lack of self-confidence, including a belief that they are unable to care for themselves
- Avoidance of disagreeing with others for fear of losing support or approval
- Inability to start projects or tasks because of a lack of self-confidence
- Difficulty being alone
- Willingness to tolerate mistreatment and abuse from others
- Placing the needs of their caregivers above their own
- Tendency to be naive and to fantasize
3) Obsessive-Compulsive Personality Disorder:
Compulsive personalities are conscientious and have high levels of aspiration, but they also strive for perfection. Never satisfied with their achievements, people with compulsive personality disorder take on more and more responsibilities. They are reliable, dependable, orderly, and methodical, but their inflexibility often makes them incapable of adapting to changed circumstances. People with compulsive personality are highly cautious, weigh all aspects of a problem, and pay attention to every detail, making it difficult for them to make decisions and complete tasks. When their feelings are not under strict control, events are unpredictable, or they must rely on others, compulsive personalities often feel a sense of isolation and helplessness.
Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), formerly considered a type of anxiety disorder, is now regarded as a unique condition. It is a potentially disabling illness that traps people in endless cycles of repetitive thoughts and behaviors. People with OCD are plagued by recurring and distressing thoughts, fears, or images (obsessions) they cannot control. The anxiety (nervousness) produced by these thoughts leads to an urgent need to perform certain rituals or routines (compulsions). The compulsive rituals are performed in an attempt to prevent the obsessive thoughts or make them go away.
Although the ritual may temporarily alleviate anxiety, the person must perform the ritual again when the obsessive thoughts return. This OCD cycle can progress to the point of taking up hours of the person's day and significantly interfering with normal activities. People with OCD may be aware that their obsessions and compulsions are senseless or unrealistic, but they cannot stop them.
Common obsessions include:
Common compulsions include:
Although the ritual may temporarily alleviate anxiety, the person must perform the ritual again when the obsessive thoughts return. This OCD cycle can progress to the point of taking up hours of the person's day and significantly interfering with normal activities. People with OCD may be aware that their obsessions and compulsions are senseless or unrealistic, but they cannot stop them.
Common obsessions include:
- Fear of dirt or contamination by germs
- Fear of causing harm to another
- Fear of making a mistake
- Fear of being embarrassed or behaving in a socially unacceptable manner
- Fear of thinking evil or sinful thoughts
- Need for order, symmetry, or exactness
- Excessive doubt and the need for constant reassurance.
Common compulsions include:
- Repeatedly bathing, showering, or washing hands
- Refusing to shake hands or touch doorknobs
- Repeatedly checking things, such as locks or stoves
- Constant counting, mentally or aloud, while performing routine tasks
- Constantly arranging things in a certain way
- Eating foods in a specific order
- Being stuck on words, images or thoughts, usually disturbing, that won't go away and can interfere with sleep
- Repeating specific words, phrases, or prayers
- Needing to perform tasks a certain number of times
- Collecting or hoarding items with no apparent value
HOMEOPATHIC APPROACH TO PERSONALITY DISORDERS:
Homeopathy proposes a pragmatic solution for Personality Disorders.
Homeopathic treatment of personality disorders is constitutional taking a more holistic look at the individual. Distinctive features like genes, childhood nurturing, surroundings and the way an individual establishes their life, elucidates their personality. Imperceptible forces manipulate every personality.
The Homeopathic understanding of health is intimately associated to its understanding of the mind in general. Every disease is considered as a Mind-Body process where each individual’s personality traits are as important as their physical symptoms; thus taking into account their diet, lifestyle, personality, surroundings and emotional factors.
The constitutional approach of Homeopathy determines the remedy that agrees with each individual energy prototype, giving it a positive stimulus. Constitutional treatment is an innovative healing modality, which helps eliminate behavioral negativity by taking into account a person’s overall nature, personality traits and attitude towards life.
The correct Homeopathic medicine will catalyze a healing process that will raise the person’s overall level of health. Homeopathic remedies will assist in shrinking dissatisfaction, anger, hatred, guilt, shame, jealousy, dubiousness, fear and other negative emotions. These medicines will enhance suppressed inner capabilities, shape the inborn behaviors with the existing circumstances getting rid of mental negativity and restoring well -being that was previously within you. It will help stabilize emotions, attain mental peace and bring eventual happiness.
As every behavior is unique, Homeopathic Constitutional treatment offers remedies that are unique and exclusive created just for your unique personality. Homeopathic remedies are safe, natural, inexpensive and highly effective. After a constitutional Homeopathic treatment, patients become more realistic, less intimidating, much more accommodating, and easier to live with. Homeopathic remedies help develop a better sense of right and wrong and help you go back to living a more normal life.
A list of homeopathic remedies for treatment of psychological disorders.
Homeopathy proposes a pragmatic solution for Personality Disorders.
Homeopathic treatment of personality disorders is constitutional taking a more holistic look at the individual. Distinctive features like genes, childhood nurturing, surroundings and the way an individual establishes their life, elucidates their personality. Imperceptible forces manipulate every personality.
The Homeopathic understanding of health is intimately associated to its understanding of the mind in general. Every disease is considered as a Mind-Body process where each individual’s personality traits are as important as their physical symptoms; thus taking into account their diet, lifestyle, personality, surroundings and emotional factors.
The constitutional approach of Homeopathy determines the remedy that agrees with each individual energy prototype, giving it a positive stimulus. Constitutional treatment is an innovative healing modality, which helps eliminate behavioral negativity by taking into account a person’s overall nature, personality traits and attitude towards life.
The correct Homeopathic medicine will catalyze a healing process that will raise the person’s overall level of health. Homeopathic remedies will assist in shrinking dissatisfaction, anger, hatred, guilt, shame, jealousy, dubiousness, fear and other negative emotions. These medicines will enhance suppressed inner capabilities, shape the inborn behaviors with the existing circumstances getting rid of mental negativity and restoring well -being that was previously within you. It will help stabilize emotions, attain mental peace and bring eventual happiness.
As every behavior is unique, Homeopathic Constitutional treatment offers remedies that are unique and exclusive created just for your unique personality. Homeopathic remedies are safe, natural, inexpensive and highly effective. After a constitutional Homeopathic treatment, patients become more realistic, less intimidating, much more accommodating, and easier to live with. Homeopathic remedies help develop a better sense of right and wrong and help you go back to living a more normal life.
A list of homeopathic remedies for treatment of psychological disorders.
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Long lasting grief with deep, unexpressed sorrow. One grief after another, after another that slowly paralyses them.
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There is no better remedy to mend depression from a broken heart and betrayal, especially if it is still acute (fresh in the person’s mind). The Ignatia person reacts in her depression with sighing, sobbing and just sitting there immobilized, as if struck by a lightning. “Why me?” they ask in vain, left by a lover in whom they put all their emotional bank balance. “How could he do this to me?” They are very sensitive to the behavior of their lover, as if their very survival depends on that one person. An Ignatia person may also have psychosomatic symptoms such as sighing, choking, a stiff neck, and a globus hystericus . They often weep for help and attention. |
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Bibliography:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personality_disorder
http://www.mind.org.uk/information-support/types-of-mental-health-problems/personality-disorders/types-of-personality-disorder/#.WEQURtJ96M8
http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/personality-disorders/home/ovc-20247654
https://www.homeopathic.com/Articles/Using_homeopathy_for_ailments/A_Homeopathic_Perspective_on_Psychological_P.html
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personality_disorder
http://www.mind.org.uk/information-support/types-of-mental-health-problems/personality-disorders/types-of-personality-disorder/#.WEQURtJ96M8
http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/personality-disorders/home/ovc-20247654
https://www.homeopathic.com/Articles/Using_homeopathy_for_ailments/A_Homeopathic_Perspective_on_Psychological_P.html